Method and system for detecting water system leaks

ABSTRACT

A methods and system detecting water system leaks provides detecting of water leakage having very low flows. Very low flow leaks are detected by detecting drops in a building water system pressure when the water supply source is disabled. The water system is disabled by an electrically controllable valve, which may be turned off in response to a motion detector that detects that no human activity is present in the building. The rate of pressure drop is used to determine the magnitude of the leak, and multiple thresholds can be used to detect slow leaks versus more serious leaks. A humidity detector may also be incorporated in the system to detect abnormal humidity conditions and shut the electrically controllable valve in response. Appliance current consumption can be detected and used to override motion-sensor based shut-off of the valve, so that water-consuming appliances can continue to operate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Patent Application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/734,714 entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR RELIABLY DETECTING STRUCTURE AND WATER SYSTEM LEAKS” filed on Apr. 12, 2007. The above-referenced U.S. Patent Application is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to building protection systems, and more specifically, to a system for controlling a household water supply.

2. Background of the Invention

Prevention of loss due to water damage in both residential and commercial locations has long been a concern and have been addressed in various manners in the past, the simplest of which are sump pumps or floor water presence detector. More recently, mold damage and other damage due to humidity has become a concern, in part, because health risks due to the presence of airborne “black mold” spores and damage and health risks cause by other fungi are better appreciated.

Maintaining an acceptable level of average humidity can be accomplished with dehumidifiers or by the action of heating and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment. However, an excess amount of humidity can indicate the presence of standing water or a roof leak that should be corrected or mold growth and other damage to building materials may quickly result. Water system leaks can also contribute to an excessive amount of humidity or standing water. A rapid response to prevent damage from such leaks is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 6,691,724 entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING A HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY”, issued to the present inventor and which is incorporated herein by reference, which discloses a system alarm that can be enabled when a house is unoccupied and shuts off the water supply when flow is detected. Further improvements so that the system can remain continuously active and determine whether a house is occupied are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,892,746 entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING A HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY INCORPORATING MOTION-SENSING FOR DETERMINING WHETHER A HOUSE IS OCCUPIED”, also issued to the present inventor and which is incorporated herein by reference.

However, the systems described in the above-incorporated U.S. Patent Applications use a flow meter to detect water leaks and it is possible that a very low level of water flow from a plumbing system leak can still cause damage, such as by promoting mold growth.

Therefore it would be desirable to provide a method and system for detection of water system leaks for detection of low-flow leaks that might be missed by a flow detection system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above objectives of detecting low flow water leaks is accomplished in a method and system. To detect low-flow leaks, the system includes a back-pressure detector that detects when the pressure in the household side of the water system drops, when an electronically controlled valve between the water supply and the household side of the water system has been closed. When the electronically controlled valve is open, inconvenience, false alarms or appliance damage are prevented by detecting electrical current usage by water-using devices and qualifying flow detection or humidity detection by the leakage detection system. The back-pressure detection system may include an extra bladder/balloon/diaphragm system that maintains a lower slope of decompression with flow, so that more accurate distinctions between short-term usage flow and long-term leaks can be determined.

The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following, more particular, description of the preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram depicting a household water supply coupled to a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart depicting operation a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting further operation of a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

The present invention concerns techniques for detecting very low flow water system leaks in a building water system. An electrically controlled valve is used to shut off the water system, and a pressure sensor is used to monitor drops in water pressure on the building water system side of the valve. False alarms are qualified by using one or more motion sensors to determine whether human activity is present in the building, which prevents the generation of false alarms due to normal water use activity. Humidity levels may also be additionally monitored as an indication of the possible presence of water system or structure leaks. The electrically controlled valve is shut off in response to an indication that the building is unoccupied or there is no human activity, for example when household occupants are sleeping.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a residential building 10, is shown that incorporates a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Building 10, is connected to a water supply WS by an electrically controllable valve EV. Electrically controllable valve EV receives a control signal from electronic control unit ECU, which pulses the valve solenoid to turn electrically controllable valve EV on and off. A set of motion sensors MS1,MS2 and a humidity detector HD are connected to electronic control unit ECU, which may be a general building control and alarm system that includes improvements in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, a stand-alone unit, or electronic control unit ECU may be interfaced to a commercially available building control and alarm system.

The water supply output of electrically controllable valve EV provides a cold water supply branch that is connected to a water heater WH, an icemaker within a refrigerator RF, and a clothes washer WA, along with other appliances and fixtures. A hot water supply branch provided by water heater WH is connected to a dishwasher DW and clothes washer WA. Pressure on both branches may be stabilized with a bladder B, which may be a balloon or diaphragm system with a closed air chamber and a flexible air/water boundary, so that changes of pressure with flow are reduced in slope/rate. Each of dishwasher DW, ice maker within refrigerator RF, clothes washer WA and a clothes dryer DR are connected to appliance current sensors S1-S4, which sense activation current of the corresponding appliance that is drawn from an AC service panel SP. Current sensors S1-S4 serve one or more of several functions. Certain appliances, such as clothes washer WA, the ice maker within refrigerator RF and dishwasher DW use water during their operation. Therefore it is desirable to provide for temporary override of the shutoff of the household water supply by electrically controllable valve EV when any of the water using appliances is in operation. Further, when the system does provide temporary override of the water supply shutoff, it is desirable to open the water supply only when the appliances are active. Therefore, the opening of electrically controllable valve EV may be conditioned upon sensing appliance current via current sensors S1-S4 and the activation of an appliance override mode. Further, current sensors S1-S4 may also include an electronically controlled switch that can disable the power supply to the corresponding appliances if the appliances continue to demand current past a predetermined period of time, or a time that is learned by the system for that particular appliance.

Appliances such as clothes dryer DR and dishwasher DW may generate water vapor within building 10 while they are in use, and therefore it may be desirable to override any excess humidity alarm while they are operating or take into account such operation when determining if the humidity is excessive. Other appliances may be sensed for operation, such as stoves, which may also indicate a possible humidity overage in the kitchen area. Therefore current sensors S1-S4 may also be used to qualify the humidity alarm and the control of electrically controllable valve EV when humidity detector HV would otherwise indicate a humidity condition that should generate a alarm and/or turn off the building water supply.

A pressure sensor PS is coupled to the water supply line on the building 10 side of the water supply, after electrically controllable valve EV. If a flow sensor is also employed, the flow sensor may alternatively be located on either side of electrically controllable valve EV. Pressure sensor PS sends a pressure level signal to electronic control unit ECU that indicates the severity of a leak when electrically controllable valve EV is closed. The rate of pressure drop as sensed by pressure sensor PS indicates whether a leak may be due to a dripping faucet or other expected type of flow, versus that due to a water system blowout or other more severe leak. By comparing the back-pressure present in the building 10 the side of water system to a lower flow threshold and a higher flow threshold, an indication can be generated as a warning upon detection of low flow, while an alarm may be generated for high flow conditions and the electrically controllable valve EV, prevented from opening when activation is attempted, such as when motion sensors MS1,MS2 indicate activity is present or an appliance override is active and current sensors S1, S2 or S3 indicate that a water-consuming appliance has been activated.

Referring now to FIG. 2, details of electronic control unit ECU are shown. Various sensor signals, such as appliance current sense inputs from appliance current sensors S1-S4 and an input from pressure sensor PS, are received by an analog and digital I/O circuit 21 that is interfaced to a processor 22 and memory 24 that form a programmable logic controller (PLC) 20. As described above, analog and digital I/O circuit 21 may also provide control signals to control appliance power supplies if appliance current sensors S1-S4 include an electronically controlled switch. Program instructions in memory 24, generally provided from a read-only memory (ROM) are executed by processor 22 to carry out the steps of methods in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Inputs from a temperature sensor 23 and seismic sensor 27 further inform PLC 20 whether the water supply should be shut off and an alarm sounded, and the temperature sensor input may be further used to adjust humidity profiles to determine whether or not the humidity level within building 10 is excessive. PLC 20 is further coupled by analog digital I/O circuit 21 to a power control circuit 25, such as a solid-state relay, that controls electrically controllable valve EV, and to a remote interface 29 such as an Ethernet connection, which can provide alarm indications and remote control via a satellite, digital subscriber link (DSL) or cable modem interface. Alternatively, remote interface 29 may be implemented as a standard telephone modem, ISDN connection, proprietary link or other suitable interface to provide remote control and status indications.

PLC 20 is also connected to controls and indicators on a panel of ECU or a wirelessly connected remote local panel 28 that provides control of the system and alarms to occupants of the building 10. The alarm function may also be provided by connection to an input of an ordinary household alarm system, and the alarm may be a horn located remotely and driven by either electronic control unit ECU or another alarm system.

Referring now to FIG. 3, an exemplary set of controls and indicators is shown as may be implemented in control panel and indicators 28. In the illustrative example, control panel and indicators 28 includes membrane switches as follows: a reset switch 30A for resetting the system; a water on switch 30B for completely overriding any water shut-off condition; a water off switch 30C for manually turning off electrically controllable valve EV, such as when the occupants are leaving for an extended time; an appliance override switch 30D, and a learn mode switch 30E. Learn mode switch 30E sets a mode in which water flow and humidity levels are observed by PLC 20, so that normal household use levels of humidity and water flow patterns can be determined and used to set thresholds and profiles for detecting of abnormal conditions, when the system is in use. In learn mode, the system may also be trained to observe particular current consumption profiles of appliances, so that electrically controllable valve EV can be properly controlled to supply water to water-consuming appliances when the appliance override mode is set.

In the illustrative example, control panel and indicators 28 includes LED indicators 32 as follows: a monitor indicator, which indicates the monitoring system is active; an away indicator, which indicates the water system is shut off; a seismic alarm indicator, which indicates that seismic sensor 27 has been triggered; a low/high temperature alarm indicator, which indicates that temperature sensor 23 has detected extreme heat or a near-freezing condition; a slow leak alarm, which indicates that the back-pressure pressure drop rate is between the low and high level thresholds; a water flow alarm, which indicated that the rate of pressure drop has exceeded the upper threshold; and a humidity alarm that indicates that the humidity has exceeded a threshold when building 10 is unoccupied, or that a profile has been exceeded when the household is in use. The profiles may be selected or adjusted in conformity with a time of year and/or measured temperature. For example, PLC 20 may have a real-time clock that keeps track of the day of year and the time of day and the humidity threshold value that is used to determine whether an excessive humidity condition exists is adjusted based on the time of day, the ambient temperature and the time of year, in order to decide an abnormal humidity condition. A piezoelectric transducer PZ1 is also included on the panel to provide an audible local alarm. All of the above indicators and controls, as well as other system controls may be provided remotely via remote interface 29.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a method of operation of the above-described system is provided in a flowchart. Until the system is shut down (decision 40), the control loop from steps 41 through 52 is executed. If a manual override is set (decision 41), then a full override state is set and water will be continuously supplied (step 42). Otherwise, if motion sensor(s) MS1,MS2 indicate that human activity has occurred in building 10 during the timeout period (decision 43), then electrically controllable valve EV is turned on (step 44) and the humidity is observed to determine if it exceeds the learned (or predetermined) profiles (decision 45). If any indicators were previously set, they will not be reset upon detection of motion so that occupants are alerted to a previous leak condition. If a humidity profile is exceeded (decision 45), then electrically controllable valve EV is turned off (step 46) and the humidity alarm is set (step 47).

When motion sensor(s) MS1,MS2 indicate that no human activity has occurred in building 10 for a predetermined time period (decision 43), if an appliance override mode is set and current sensors S1-S3 indicate that a water-consuming appliance is operating (decision 48), then electrically controllable valve EV is turned on (step 44). Otherwise, electrically controllable valve EV is turned off (step 49). If the detected humidity is over a threshold (decision 50) then the humidity alarm is set (step 50). Otherwise, if a pressure drop is detected (decision 51), but the drop indicates a low flow condition such as a faucet drip, then the slow leak indicator is set (step 53). If a large flow condition is detected (decision 52), then the severe leak alarm is set (step 54).

While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form, and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for measuring low-flow leaks in a building water distribution system, comprising: controlling at least a portion of said building water distribution system that services multiple appliances or fixtures, using at least one electrically controllable valve; determining a water pressure within said building water distribution system; detecting motion within said building to provide a indication of a presence of human activity within said building; closing said electrically controllable valve to measure the low-flow leaks only if the detecting does not detect motion, indicating that human activity is absent from the building; comparing a result of said determining with a threshold to determine a drop in said pressure; and generating an indication of a potential water leak in conformity with said detected drop in pressure and; sensing activation of at least one appliance that uses water supplied by said water distribution system by measuring an electrical current consumed by said at least one appliance, and wherein said closing is performed unless an appliance override mode is set and said sensing senses that said at least one appliance is active.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising comparing a rate of change of said drop in pressure to a threshold level, and wherein generating said indication of a potential water leak is performed only when said rate of change exceeds said threshold level.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said comparing compares said rate of change to two different threshold levels, wherein said generating generates an indication of a slow leak if said rate of change exceeds a lesser one of said threshold levels but is less that a greater one of said threshold levels, and wherein said generating generates an indication of a severe leak when said rate of change exceeds a greater one of said threshold levels.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said building water distribution system is a residential household water distribution system.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting a level of humidity inside of said building, and wherein said closing closes said electronically controllable valve if said detecting detects an abnormal humidity level inside of said building.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said generating generates an alarm signal.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising reducing a rate of said drop in pressure using an air bladder.
 8. A system for measuring low-flow leaks in a building water distribution system, comprising: at least one electrically controllable valve for controlling at least a portion of said building water distribution system that services multiple appliances or fixtures; an electronic pressure gauge for determining a water pressure within said building water distribution system; a motion sensor within the building for providing a determination of a presence of human activity; a control circuit coupled to said electrically controllable valve for closing said electrically controllable valve to measure the low flow leaks only when said motion sensor indicates that there is no human activity, and further coupled to said electronic pressure gauge, wherein said control circuit monitors an output of said electronic pressure gauge to detect a drop in pressure when said electrically controllable valve is closed and generates an indication of a potential water leak in conformity with said detected drop in pressure, and whereby the measuring of the low-flow leaks is performed while human activity is not detected, so that interference with water use within the building is reduced and; an appliance current sensor for sensing activation of at least one appliance that uses water supplied by said water distribution system, wherein said current sensor is coupled to said control circuit, and wherein said control circuit opens said electrically controllable valve if said at least one appliance is activated.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said control circuit compares a rate of change of said drop in pressure to a threshold level, wherein said control circuit generates said indication of a potential water leak only when said rate of change drop exceeds said threshold level.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein said control circuit compares said rate of change to two different threshold levels, wherein said generating generates an indication of a slow leak if said rate of change exceeds a lesser one of said threshold levels, but is less that a greater one of said threshold levels, and wherein said generating generates an indication of a severe leak when said rate of change exceeds a greater one of said threshold levels.
 11. The system of claim 8, further comprising an air bladder coupled to said water distribution system for reducing a rate of said drop in pressure.
 12. The system of claim 8, wherein said building water distribution system is a residential household water distribution system.
 13. The system of claim 8, further comprising a humidity detector for detecting a level of humidity inside of said building, and wherein said control circuit has an input coupled to an output of said humidity detector and closes said electronically controllable valve if said control circuit determines that an abnormal humidity level is present inside of said building.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein said indication of a potential water leak is an alarm signal.
 15. A system for controlling a building water distribution system, comprising: at least one electrically controllable valve for controlling at least a portion of said building water distribution system that services multiple appliances or fixtures; an electronic pressure gauge for determining a water pressure within said building water distribution system; a motion sensor detecting human activity within said building; and a control circuit coupled to said electrically controllable valve for operating said electrically controllable valve, coupled to said motion sensor for closing said electrically controllable valve to measure low flow leaks only when said motion sensor does not detect said human activity, and further coupled to said electronic pressure gauge, wherein said control circuit monitors an output of said electronic pressure gauge to detect a drop in pressure caused by said low flow leaks when said electrically controllable valve is closed and generates an indication of a potential water leak in conformity with said detected drop in pressure and; an appliance current sensor for sensing activation of at least one appliance that uses water supplied by said water distribution system, wherein said current sensor is coupled to said control circuit, and wherein said control circuit opens said electrically controllable valve if said at least one appliance is activated and an appliance override mode is selected.
 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising a humidity sensor having an output coupled to an input of said control circuit for providing an indication of humidity level within said building, and wherein said control circuit further closes said electrically controllable valve if said indication of humidity level exceeds a threshold value.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein said control circuit compares a rate of change of said drop in pressure to a threshold level, wherein said control circuit generates said indication of a potential water leak only when said rate of change drop exceeds said threshold level. 